زیلومانان ، سوسکهایی با ضد یخ بی نظیر

/* /*]]>*/ دانشمندان از بدن گونه ای سوسک ساکن شمالگان ماده ضد یخ منحصر به فردی را استخراج کرده اند که احتمالا با اتصال به دیواره سلولی مانع از یخ زدن سلولها می شود . به گزارش خبرآنلاین به نقل ازساینس دیلی ، دانشمندان موفق شده اند ماده ضد یخ اعجاب انگیزی کشف کنند که گونه ای از سوسک ساکن آلاسکا  را به نام Alaska Upis تا دمای حدود منفی 77 درجه سانتی گراد از خطر یخ زدن نجات می دهد. این ماده که زیلومانان نام دارد اولین ضد یخ شناخته شده در جانداران مقاوم به سرما نیست ، بلکه اولین ضدیخ زیستی است که فاقد ترکیبات پروتئینی بوده و تنها از ترکیب قند و اسیدهای چرب تشکیل شده است . ساختار متمایز این ماده باعث می شود نوع عملکرد آن متفاوت باشد و امکان فعالیت در نقاط دیگری از سلول را داشته باشد . برایان بارنز مدیر بخش زیست شناسی شمالگان دانشگاه فربنکس در آلاسکا و یکی از 5 دانشمندی که در این پروژه شرکت داشته اند ، در ابن زمینه می گوید : جالب توجه ترین بخش این کشف این است که ما با مولکولی کاملا منحصر به فرد سرو کار داریم . این مولکول شیوه عمل متفاوتی دارد و در محل متمایزی نیز عمل خواهد کرد . همان طور که بلورهای به هم پیوسته سطح خارجی بستنی برای مدت طولانی دوام می آورند ، بلورهای یخی که در مایعات موجود در بدن جانداران تشکیل می شوند هم دوامی طولانی دارند و با جذب آب موجود در سلولها و گسترش یخ می توانند باعث مرگ جاندار شوند . برای مقابله با یخ زدگی ، مولکولهای ضد یخ به دو صورت عمل می کنند یا مانع از تشکیل یخ می شوند یا اینکه بلورهای کوچک تشکیل شده را کوچک نگه میدارند . آنها در برخی جانداران مقاوم به سرما مانع از نفوذ یخ به داخل سلولها می شوند و از ایجاد شرایط مرگبار برای سلول جلوگیری می کنند . گروه دیگری از حشرات هم ار این مولکولها برای رسیدن دمای مایعات بدن به دمای فوق سرد استفاده می کنند ، با استفاده از ضدیخ زیستی اجازه تشکیل بلور را به آب فوق سرد نمی دهند و به همین دلیل در دمای زیر صفر یخ نمی زنند . تاد سفورمو دانش آموخته دانشگاه فربنکس و همکار این پروژه دریافت که این حشره در ابتدا در دمای منفی 29 درجه سانتی گراد در آزمایشگاه یخ می زند ، اما پس از آن تا دمای منهای 77 درجه سانتی گراد دوام می آورد . بارنز می گوید : این رفتار ضد و نقیض نشان می دهد که ما با ماده ضد یخی مواجه هستیم که انتظار یخ زدگی را می کشد تا پس از آن با شرایط تازه سازگار شود . مزیت اصلی این ماده احتمالا در اسید چربی است که در ساختار مولکولی آن وجود دارد . این اسید چرب همان اسید چربی است که در دیواره سلولی موجودات زنده وجود دارد . این همانندی ممکن است به این مولکول اجازه دهد به عنوان بخشی از دیواره سلولی به آن متصل شود و مانع از تشکیل بلور در داخل سلول شود . این در حالی است که مولکولهای ضد یخ ساخته شده از پروتئین امکان اتصال به غشای سلولی و حفاظت از سلول به این شکل را ندارند . منبع : روزنامه قدس – 5 شنبه – 10 / 10 / 1388 .

Case Studies

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مرد عنکبوتی، پای مارمولکی

/* /*]]>*/ شخصیت پیتر پارکر در مرد عنکبوتی سبب شد که بالا رفتن از دیوار آسان به نظر برسد، ولی تکرار آن حرکات عجیب و غریب در دنیای واقعیت، سال ها است که محققان را در تلاش برای بالا رفتن از دیوار نگه داشته است. دلیل این امر واضح است؛ دست کش و کفش های مرد عنکبوتی باید بتواند وزن یک انسان با ابعاد متوسط را در حالی که از آسمان خراش آویزان شده، تحمل کند. اما برخلاف اغلب مردم، دانشمندان عنکبوت را برای الگوی بالا رفتن از دیوار نپسندیده اند. آنها مارمولک را ترجیح می دهند. در سال 2003، آندره جیم از دانشگاه منچستر در انگلیس، ماده ای را با موهای میکروسکوپی طراحی کرد که مشابه سطح پای مارمولک است. نیروی بین مولکولی واندروالسی، که در مقیاس های کوچک موثر است، باعث چسبیدن مو ها به دیوار می شود و از آنجاکه پای مارمولک از میلیون ها مو پوشیده شده، منجر به جاذبه قدرتمندی می شود که حیوان را روی دیوار نگه می دارد. مواد اولیه مویی که جیم ابداع کرده، از ماده ای به نام کپتون تشکیل شده است، و درصورتی که 1 سانتی متر مربع از آن محکم به سطحی قائم فشار داده شود، می تواند وزنه ای به جرم 1 کیلوگرم را نگه دارد. ولی برای افزایش مقیاس این اختراع تا ابعاد کاربردی، مشکلاتی وجود دارد. برای مثال، برای پوشش دادن سطح لازم جهت نگه داشتن یک نفر، موها باید بلند باشند و مشکل موهای بلند، در هم پیچیده شدن آنها است. یکی از دانشمندان دانشگاه صنعتی تورین در ایتالیا راه حلی برای این مشکل یافته است. او در سال 2007، طرحی ارائه کرد که مشابه درخت صنوبر، متشکل از نانولوله های کربنی بلند در یک تنه و نانولوله های کوتاه تر در شاخه ها بود. وی با این ابتکار، دست کشی ساخت که هر جفت از آن حدود 10 کیلوگرم را تحمل می کرد. با این وجود، طبیعت همچنان در این زمینه برتری دارد! چه آن که کثیفی میان موهای مصنوعی ویژگی چسبناکی را کاهش می دهد، ولی پاهای مارمولک می تواند خود را تمیز کند. منبع : http://newdesign.ir/search.asp?id=601&rnd=8162

Annonated Recommendade Reading List ( part 4 )

Mathematics
Life’s Other Secret: The New Mathematics of the Living World. Ian Stewart. 1999.	Shows how mathematics can be used to describe the symmetry of the living world. Author argues that “life is a partnership between genes and mathematics.”
The Sizesaurus: From Hectares to Decibels to calories, a Witty Compendium of Measurements. Stephen Strauss. 1995.	A fun book about the measurements by which we define the world, tackling such issues as "What would Santa Clause have to do to deliver all his presents in one night", and in his "Measuring Macropedia" occupying the last half of the book, in which he provides nice graphical and tabular comparisons of the most frequently encountered for units of measurement.
Mechanics
Exploring Biomechanics: Animals in Motion. R. McNeill Alexander. 1992.	Explores a multitude of animals’ movement and how they’ve evolved mechanisms for efficiency.
Life’s Devices: The Physical World of Animals and Plants. Steven Vogel, Rosemary Calvert. 1988.	This is an entertaining and informative book that describes how living things bump up against non-biological reality.
Life in Moving Fluids. Steven Vogel. 1996.	This book is for biologists who want to come to the beginning of a quantitative understanding of a wide variety of adaptations, and for general readers who want to see how fluid mechanics work in a varied and often surprising context.
Structural Biomaterials: (Revised Edition). Julian F.V. Vincent. 1990.	The book presents a biologist's analysis of the structural materials of organisms, using molecular biology as a starting point.  It is an excellent introduction to the field which attempts to stimulate interest in biomaterials.
The Biomechanics of Insect Flight. Robert Dudley. 2002.	Explores insect physiology, functional morphology, paleontology, aerodynamics, behavior and ecology.  The book excels as a synthesis of all these fields, and as a unique source of information on the subject of insect flight as a whole.
Patterns
Dynamic Form in Nature. David Wade. 2003	Collection of families of surface patterns that nature at every scale. The study of these shapes—a subject virtually unknown in the West—was known in ancient China as Li and is the sister science to Feng Shui.
Living Energies: An exposition of concepts related to the theories of Viktor Schauberger. Callum Coates. 2002	Living Energies gives the understandings necessary for revitalizing Planet Earth -- for understanding which human actions either enhance or destroy the vitality of our forests, soils, air and water.
Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty. Clifford Pickover. 1990.	Combining fractal theory with computer art, this book introduces a creative use of computers. It describes graphic methods for detecting patterns in complicated data and illustrates simple techniques for visualizing chaotic behavior.
The Curves of Life. Theodore A. Cook. 1979	A well-thought-out examination of the function of the spiral, or helix, in both nature and art. Demonstrates how the spiral is fundamental to the structure of shells, leaves, horns, human body, drawings of Leonardo, Leaning Tower of Pisa, and more.

 

The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe (Four Volumes). Christopher Alexander. 2004-2006.	This is the summation of the life work and thought of Alexander who was trained as a theoretical mathematician and became an architect. He originated the Pattern Language and proposes wholeness as a measure of life within a system (designed or natural) then 15 principles which lead to wholeness.
The Power of Limits: Proportional Harmonies in Nature, Art and Architecture. Gyorgy Doczi. 1981.	The Power of Limits was inspired by the continuity of natural patterns. The book explores how certain proportions occur over and over and are also repeated in how things grow and are made.
The Self-Made tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature. Philip Ball. 2001.	This deep, beautiful exploration of the recurring patterns that we find both in the living and inanimate worlds will change how one thinks about everything from evolution to earthquakes.
The Shape of Life. Nancy Burnett. 2002.	Based on the National Geographic - Sea Studios Foundation series seen on PBS. Every animal that ever lived fits into one of only eight basic body plans. Those basic forms have given rise to billions of species of animals and continue to define the shape of life on Earth.

Annonated Recommendade Reading List ( part 3 )

Economics/Business
Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things. William McDonough and Michael Braungart. 2002.	An engaging description of the problem with today's industrial patterns, and a fascinating description of how a truly sustainable, biomimetic industrial ecology would work.
Mid-Course Correction. Ray C. Anderson. 1998.	The story of how the CEO of Interface, Inc. saw the light, and struck out to redesign his petroleum-driven carpet company -- and, in the process, a whole industry -- by striving towards sustainability. The hope and humility with which Ray tells his story is both refreshing and inspiring.
Natural Capitalism. Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. 1999.	The original comprehensive treatise on business sustainability, using numerable examples and case studies.  Excerpts available online at http://www.natcap.org.

 

 

 

 

Nature of Economies. Jane Jacobs. 2000.	Dissects relationships between economics and ecology through a multilayered discourse around the fundamental premise that "human beings exist wholly within nature as part of a natural order."
The Living Company. Arie de Geus. 1997.	The author writes that "companies die because their managers focus on the economic activity of producing goods and services, and they forget that their organizations' true nature is that of a community of humans." He summarizes the components of the long-lived company as sensitivity to the environment, cohesion and identity, tolerance and decentralization, and conservative financing.
Engineering
Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies. Ed. Yoseph Bar-Cohen. 2005.	Explores biological models useful to engineering and the challenges awaiting future research.
Mechanical Design in Organisms. Stephen A. Wainwright. 1982.	Surveys the mechanics of living systems and components of living systems. Interface between mechanical engineering and biology.
Nature and Design. Ed M. W. Collins, et. Al. 2004.	Comprehensive introduction to common scientific laws of both the natural world and engineered worlds.  Features mathematics, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, biomimicry, mechanical engineering and history of science.
Evolution
On Growth and Form: The Complete Revised Edition.  D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson. 1992.	Classic of biology and modern science sets forth seminal "theory of transformation"—that one species evolves into another not by successive minor changes in individual body parts but by large-scale transformations involving the body as a whole.
Survival Strategies: Cooperation and Conflict in Animal Societies. Raghavendra Gadagkar. 1997.	Why creatures great and small behave in such fascinating and seemingly perplexing ways is explained in this delightful account of the evolutionary foundations of animal social behavior.
General Science
Basic Nature. Andrew Scott. 2002.	Fundamental concepts of modern science.
Nature and Design. Ed M. W. Collins, et. Al. 2004.	Comprehensive introduction to common scientific laws of both the natural world and engineered worlds.  Features mathematics, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics, biomimicry, mechanical engineering and history of science.
A Short History of Nearly Everything. Bill Bryson. 2004.	Covers everything from “primordial nothingness” to “ascendancy of Homo sapiens.”
Innovation
Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Janine Benyus. 1997.	Demonstrates how nature's solutions to survival needs have been the creative jumping-off points for individuals seeking solutions to human challenges, developing, or simply revitalizing processes or products.
Invention by Design. Henry Petroski. 1996.	Philosophical and cultural study of the process of invention.  Full of case studies in easy to read writing.
Nature: Mother of Invention. Felix Paturi. 1976.	The book provides an overview of bio-inspiration, noting that scientists can learn from natural structures of all sizes and put their knowledge to use in a number of way, often by studying nature at the nanolevel, where the distinction between nature and human technology is often blurred.
The Gecko’s Foot: Bio-inspiration, Engineering New Materials and Devices from Nature. Peter Forbes. 2005.	Presents technologists' pure research into nano-anatomy, followed by their applied and, as many entrepreneurs hope, commercial mimicry of nature's ingenuity.
Material Science
Biomimetic Materials Chemistry. Stephen Mann (Editor). 1995.	Provides a unified, up-to date approach to the applications of biological concepts, products and processes in material research.
Biomineralization. Stephen Mann. 2002.	Describes a new type of chemistry that brings togther soft and hard material for the design of functionalized inorganic-organic materials.

 

 

Biomolecular Materials. Ed. Christopher Viney et. Al. Materials Research Society. Volume 292. 1992.	Design of material synthesis, assembly, processing and physical optimization strategies based on examples from nature.
Design and Nature II. Ed M. W. Collins et. Al. 2004.	Contains proceedings of 2^n^dinternational conference on design and nature. Brings together researcher around the world on a variety of studies involving nature’s significance for modern scientific thought and design.
Structural Biomaterials: (Revised Edition). Julian F.V. Vincent. 1990.	The book presents a biologist's analysis of the structural materials of organisms, using molecular biology as a starting point.  It is an excellent introduction to the field which attempts to stimulate interest in biomaterials.

Annonated Recommendade Reading List ( part 2 )

Biology  (General)
Exploring the Way Life Works: The Science of Biology. Mahlon B. Hoagland., et. Al. 2001.	Comprehensive overview of the natural world from patterns in life to energy and evolution.  Devoted to the wonder and unity of the natural world.
From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected Writings in the Life Sciences. Connie Barlow. 1992.	In a well-blended presentation, writings from more than 30 scientists and science writers span scales from the biosphere to the cell to DNA, encompass disciplines from global ecology to behavior and genetics, and explore links between biology and philosophy.
The Hidden Powers of Animals. Carl P.N. Shuker. 2001.	A fascinating look at the astonishing behavior and super-human abilities of animals, from kings of the jungle to household pets. This book reveals incredible truths about animals and their remarkable sensitivities, skills and strengths.
The Way Nature Works. Ed. Jill Bailey. 1992.	Drawing on a series of questions that children might ask, a team of scientists proposes answers in this manual for adult readers. They address large issues such as atmospheric phenomena, ecosystemic relationships, and animal communication with brief essays, each well illustrated with charts, diagrams, and photographs.
Weird Nature. John Downer. Firefly Books. 2002.	Some of the most fantastic behaviors of real animals are explored in this beautifully illustrated companion volume to a BBC/Discovery Channel series.
Chemistry
Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Paul T. Anastas, John Charles Warner. 2000.	Overview of the design, development, and evaluation process central to green chemistry.  Explores alternative solvents and catalysts, benign syntheses and biomimetic principles, among many other topics.

 

 

 

 

Children’s Books
Animal Architecture. Jennifer Owings Dewey. 1991.	Examines how creatures like arthropods, vertebrates, birds, and rodents build their homes.
Natural Earth, Living Earth. Miranda Smith and Steve Parker. 1996.	Full-color photography shows how living things interact with the functions and conditions of the earth.
Wonders of Animal Architecture. Sigmund A. Lavine. 1964.	One in a series of Dodd, Mead Wonders series, Lavine adds another interesting and informative book based on his own experiences of studying the ways animals build their homes.
Computer Science
Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty. Clifford Pickover. 1990.	Combining fractal theory with computer art, this book introduces a creative use of computers. It describes graphic methods for detecting patterns in complicated data and illustrates simple techniques for visualizing chaotic behavior.
Design
Biologic: Environmental Protection by Design. David Wann. 1990.	Guide to designing our way out of the environmental conundrum we are in by taking a system’s view of technology – asking, “how does it fit in?”
Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Janine Benyus. 1997.	Demonstrates how nature's solutions to survival needs have been the creative jumping-off points for individuals seeking solutions to human challenges, developing, or simply revitalizing processes or products.
Cat’s Paws and Catapults: Mechanical Worlds of Nature and People. Steven Vogel. 1998.	Investigates whether nature or human design is superior and why the two technologies have diverged so much.
Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things. William McDonough and Michael Braungart. 2002.	An engaging description of the problem with today's industrial patterns, and a fascinating description of how a truly sustainable, biomimetic industrial ecology would work.
Deep Design: Pathways to a livable Future. David Wann. 1996.	A new way of thinking about design by asking: “What is our ultimate goal?” The idea is to produce designs that are sensitive to living systems.
Design and Nature II. Ed M. W. Collins et. Al. 2004.	Contains proceedings of 2^n^dinternational conference on design and nature. Brings together researcher around the world on a variety of studies involving nature’s significance for modern scientific thought and design.
Design for the Real World, Human Ecology and Social Change. Victor Papanek. 1984.	One of the worls most widely read books on design. Author provides a blueprint for sensible, responsible design.
Design in Nature: Learning from Trees. Claus Mattheck. 2004.	Describes and verifies external shape laws in nature.  Also explores self healing. Many optimization examples.
Design Lessons from Nature. Benjamin De Brie Taylor. 1974.	This book is concerned with forms in nature, with drawing, with ways of thinking about art and about design and how they are related.
Design with Nature. Ian L. McHarg. 1969.	A blend of philosophy and science, author shows how humans can copy nature’s examples to design and build better structures.

Annonated Recommendade Reading List ( part 1 )

Architecture
Animal Architecture. Jennifer Owings Dewey. 1991.	Examines how creatures like arthropods, vertebrates, birds, and rodents build their homes.
Animal Architecture. Karl von Frisch. 1974.	Examines how creatures like arthropods, vertebrates, birds, and rodents build their homes.
Design and Nature II. Ed M. W. Collins et. Al. 2004.	Contains proceedings of 2^n^dinternational conference on design and nature. Brings together researcher around the world on a variety of studies involving nature’s significance for modern scientific thought and design.
Wonders of Animal Architecture. Sigmund A. Lavine. 1964.	One in a series of Dodd, Mead Wonders series, Lavine adds another interesting and informative book based on his own experiences of studying the ways animals build their homes.
Biography
Buckminster Fuller’s Universe. Lloyd Steven Sieden. 1989.	Explores Fuller’s examination of significant underlying principles in nature.
Biology
Color in Nature. Penelope Farrant. 1999.	Explores the role of color in nature, including astronomy, botany, geology, physics and zoology.
Design and Nature II. Ed M. W. Collins et. Al. 2004.	Contains proceedings of 2^n^dinternational conference on design and nature. Brings together researcher around the world on a variety of studies involving nature’s significance for modern scientific thought and design.
Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell. Boyce Rensberger. 1998.	A digest of everything currently known about the mechanisms by which living cells perform their myriad of tasks.
Natural Earth, Living Earth. Miranda Smith and Steve Parker. 1996.	Full-color photography shows how living things interact with the functions and conditions of the earth.
The Work of Nature: How the Diversity of Life Sustains Us. Yvonne Baskin, et al. 1997.	Baskin examines the threats posed to humans by the loss of biodiversity. Biodiversity is much more than number of species -- it includes the complexity, richness, and abundance of nature at all levels

TRANSPORTATION

                                                                                                                                          

Learning Efficiency from Kingfishers

The Shinkansen Bullet Train of the West Japan Railway Company is the fastest train in the world, traveling 200 miles per hour. The problem? Noise. Air pressure changes produced large thunder claps every time the train emerged from a tunnel, causing residents one-quarter a mile away to complain. Eiji Nakatsu, the train's chief engineer and an avid bird-watcher, asked himself, "Is there something in Nature that travels quickly and smoothly between two very different mediums?" Modeling the front-end of the train after the beak of kingfishers, which dive from the air into bodies of water with very little splash to catch fish, resulted not only in a quieter train, but 15% less electricity use even while the train travels 10% faster. 

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A CONVERSATION WITH JANINE BENYUS

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What Is Biomimicry ?

Biomimicry (from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate) is a new discipline that studies nature's best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. Studying a leaf to invent a better solar cell is an example. I think of it as "innovation inspired by nature."

The core idea is that nature, imaginative by necessity, has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with. Animals, plants, and microbes are the consummate engineers. They have found what works, what is appropriate, and most important, what lasts here on Earth. This is the real news of biomimicry: After 3.8 billion years of research and development, failures are fossils, and what surrounds us is the secret to survival.

Like the viceroy butterfly imitating the monarch, we humans are imitating the best adapted organisms in our habitat. We are learning, for instance, how to harness energy like a leaf, grow food like a prairie, build ceramics like an abalone, self-medicate like a chimp, create color like a peacock, compute like a cell, and run a business like a hickory forest.

The conscious emulation of life's genius is a survival strategy for the human race, a path to a sustainable future. The more our world functions like the natural world, the more likely we are to endure on this home that is ours, but not ours alone.

Looking at Nature as Model, Measure, and Mentor

If we want to consciously emulate nature's genius, we need to look at nature differently.  In biomimicry, we look at nature as model, measure, and mentor.  

Nature as model: Biomimicry is a new science that studies nature’s models and then emulates these forms, process, systems, and strategies to solve human problems – sustainably.  The Biomimicry Guild and its collaborators have developed a practical design tool, called the Biomimicry Design Spiral, for using nature as model.

Nature as measure: Biomimicry uses an ecological standard to judge the sustainability of our innovations.  After 3.8 billion years of evolution, nature has learned what works and what lasts.  Nature as measure is captured in Life's Principles and is embedded in the evalute step of the Biomimicry Design Spiral.

Nature as mentor: Biomimicry is a new way of viewing and valuing nature.  It introduces an era based not on what we can extract from the natural world, but what we can learn from it. 

 http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/what-is-biomimicry.html

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مهندسی خلاقیت بیونیکی عبارت از فرایند خلاق الگو برداری یا الهام گیری از ساختارها و نظام های گوناگون طبیعت و موجودات زنده برای ایجاد ایده ها و طرح های جدید و ابداع و اختراع و نوآوری می باشد.

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